ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell proliferation in the breast. God’s crown fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa)and its seed have potential as an antiproliferation of cancer cells. It contains active compounds such as flavonoids,alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins. The sample of God’s crown fruit was obtained by extraction and fractionationusing the maceration method. Cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Testmethod. Antiproliferation activity test of God’s crown fruit against MCM-B2 was performed using the hemacytometermethod. The God’s crown fruit sample consists of crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, andwater fraction. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction,and water fraction were 13.72, 147.55, 405.81, and 149.55 ppm, respectively. The concentration of the test sample wasdirectly used for the antiproliferation activity test on MCM-B2 cells. God’s crown fruit can act as antiproliferation ofMCM-B2. The smallest concentration of those samples has inhibited MCM-B2 cell proliferation which is 3.5 ppmcrude ethanol extract lower than 100 ppm doxorubicin. The maximum percentage of the antiproliferation activity ofcrude ethanol extract (56 ppm) was able to inhibit MCM-B2 cell proliferation by 58.28% while doxorubicin (100 ppm)by 31.2%. This is due to the fact that crude ethanol extract has a lot of complex polar phytochemical content. The crudeethanol extract compounds inhibit MCM-B2 cell proliferation synergistically
ABSTRACT
This research aims to determine the cytotoxicity and antiproliferation activities of Sida rhombifolia leavesextract against cancer cells MCA-B1, A549, and normal Vero cells. Sida rhombifolia leaves were extractedwith ethanol using ultrasonication method and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The testedsamples were ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction based on the results of cytotoxicity using the Brine ShrimpLethality Test. The antiproliferation activity test by using Trypan Blue Dye method and the cells harvested afterconfluence on the third or fourth day and the total cells were calculated by using the Neubauer Hemocytometer.The result showed that the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract at a concentration of 500 ppm is 69.44% withIC50 202.556 ppm on MCA-B1 cancer cells and 69.44% with IC50 276.836 ppm on A549 cancer cells, whilethe n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 1,000 ppm was 64.13% with IC50 425.969 ppm in MCA-B1 cancercells and 57.18% with IC50 786.617 ppm on A549 cancer cells. After being tested on normal Vero cells, theinhibition of normal Vero cells proliferation is not more than 1%. This indicates that ethanol extracts andn-hexane fraction are safe for normal cells and analysis by using LC-MS/MS showed a benzazepine compoundin the ethanol extract of S. rhombifolia is known for its role as antiproliferation. These results indicate thatS. rhombifolia leaves extract has the potential to be developed as anticancer compounds..
ABSTRACT
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) belongs to Sapindaceae family. We examined the antiproliferative activity oflongan leaf extracts against cancer-derived cell cell lines in vitro. The tested samples were water extract, ethanolextract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction of longan leaf. Cytotoxicity test is against brineshrimps that was screened using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Antiproliferative activity assay on WEHI-164 cells(mouse fibrosarcoma cancer cell), THP-1 cells (human peripheral blood acute monocyte cell), and vero cells (noncancer or normal cell) that was conducted using hemocytometer with Trypan Blue Dye exclusion. The 50% lethalityconcentration (LC50) value of water extract, ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and waterfraction were 854.64, 305.81, 446.55, 1313.44, and 1621.8 µg/ml. Ethanol extract exhibited significant cytotoxicdue to the lowest LC50 value. Ethanol extract was then used for further examination. The highest antiproliferativeactivity was achieved 44.93% by 600 µg/ml ethanol extract on WEHI-164 and 57.45% by 500 µg/ml ethanol extracton THP-1. It was significantly equal to doxorubicin antiproliferative activity. Ethanol extract dose had low effect tovero cells. This present study confirmed that the longan leaf ethanol extract possess marked antiproliferative activityon cancer-derived cell lines.
ABSTRACT
Cigarette smoke is proved to cause various disturbances on respiratory tract. Clove cigarette is far more dangerous than common (“white”) cigarette, since the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxyde content is significantly higher. In Indonesia, 88% smokers consume clove cigarette. The clove cigarette effect to the respiratory tract have never been studied. Aim of this research is to study histopathological changes of respiratory tract in Sprague-Dawley white rats after smoke cigarette exposure. The study was performed using 20 white rats starting September 2005 until May 2006. Necropsy was done after final day of smoke exposure, then histopathological slides of the respiratory tract were processed and stained under light microscope and videomicrometer. Observed parameters were height and number of ciliated epithelia and goblet cells, also number of pneumocytes types I, II, and macrophages, and interstitial lung tissue reactions. The latest parameters were observed with semi-thin sections of resin embedded lung stained with Toluidine Blue. Result showed considerable histopathological changes on respiratory tract. The amount of epithelial cells on the group exposed to clove cigarette smoke were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05) on sinus, bronchi, and bronchioli area, while no significant difference were found on trachea (P>0.05). Number of goblet cells in exposed group was also higher (P>0.05). The epithelial height in exposed group was higher compared to control, but no statistical differences were found between male and female rats. The interstitial pneumonia score was statistically different (P<0.05) between the two groups. The amount of pneumocytes type II was higher than types I within the exposure group. Based on all mentioned above, we suggest that clove cigarette smoke exposure causes pathological disorders in rat respiratory tract.